Quantum-Secure Transmission – Technology for Future Data Protection

Written by Jurģis Poriņš, Board Member of Electronic Communications Office of Latvia (VAS ES), Professor at Riga Technical University.

 

Quantum communication technologies are not a distant future or science fiction. They are already working technologies with multiple implemented projects worldwide, including in Latvia. In this context, it is crucial to prepare communication systems for the so-called Q-day – the moment when quantum computers gain widespread everyday use.

A key element in this adaptation process is quantum-secure transmission, which fundamentally differs from traditional security methods by making use of quantum physics principles.

What is quantum-secure transmission and how does it differ from traditional security methods?

Quantum-secure transmission differs from traditional encryption methods because it is based on the laws of quantum physics. For example, quantum encryption uses special keys generated using quantum random numbers. These numbers are random, unpredictable, and known only to two communication participants. The purpose of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) devices is to provide a theoretically completely secure communication channel between two users. 

The most popular example of quantum-secure communication involves Alice and Bob – two classical participants in the quantum communication scenario. These names are frequently used in cryptography theories to symbolically represent two communication partners, similar to point A and point B symbolizing two locations between which communication or data transmission occurs. Thus, Alice and Bob communicate using a one-time encryption key, making any third-party interference futile. If someone attempted to intercept this key, their interference would be detectable, as this principle does not allow data interception without causing measurable disturbances. Therefore, this technology is essential for ensuring that future data transmission channels remain secure even against quantum computer attacks.

Why is quantum-secure transmission relevant today?

The implementation of quantum technologies in communication has become a crucial issue in modern data security. To understand why, we must first consider why enhancing data security is so important. Today, we entrust increasingly large volumes of data to third parties – this includes both data transmission and storage in various devices and systems. This data can be highly sensitive, such as financial or medical information. As technologies evolve, particularly quantum computers, traditional encryption methods may become ineffective and insecure. The ability of quantum computers to efficiently decrypt complex encryption systems poses significant threats, as even the most advanced encryption algorithms used today to protect our communications could be quickly broken in the future. This is where quantum-secure transmission comes in – a technology that promises to protect our future data flows from threats posed by quantum computers.

Who will be the main beneficiaries of quantum security solutions in Latvia?

The main beneficiaries of quantum security solutions will span a broad segment of society, from citizens to the public sector and private institutions. Citizens’ private data, such as health test results and financial information, will be transmitted through secure communication channels protected even against future quantum computer attacks. The healthcare system will greatly benefit as patient data will be completely secure, and in the financial sector, quantum encryption will ensure security for money transfers and transactions. The public sector will be able to guarantee secure information exchange and protection against cyber threats, strengthening overall security.

Thus, the primary beneficiaries of quantum security solutions will be medical, financial, governmental, and security institutions whose data is particularly sensitive. The application of quantum technologies will provide not only greater data security but also opportunities in other areas, such as improving 5G network privacy and developing quantum sensors.

What is Latvia’s role in quantum communications development?

Latvia is actively participating in the development of the European quantum communications network, and one of the initiatives is the creation of the Latvian quantum network, or LATQN project, implemented by the State Radio and Television Center in cooperation with TET, Electronic Communications Office (VAS ES), and the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of the University of Latvia (LUMII) within the European Union project “Establishment of Experimental Quantum Communication Infrastructure in Latvia” (LATQN, ID 101091559). VAS ES’s activities in the project are also co-financed within the framework of the Ministry of Smart Administration and Regional Development Cooperation Agreement No. IKT/57/2023. 

One of our tasks is to create an experimental environment for testing quantum security technologies and their integration. During the project, VAS ES will implement data transmission and simulations between various wireless technologies, such as 5G, Wi-Fi, and radio equipment with quantum technology functionality. Special attention will be paid to the interfaces between wireless technologies and the optical QKD network. It is planned to evaluate how external factors affect signal technical parameters, allowing identification of frequency bands and technologies most susceptible to interference. It is expected that the integration of quantum technologies into wireless networks will increase data transmission security, thereby improving service continuity and ensuring secure access to public networks.

It’s worth noting that Latvia holds a unique position in the quantum technology field with its competencies and developments. Our country has enormous potential in quantum technologies, and we are significantly ahead of not only Lithuania and Estonia but many countries worldwide. This is evidenced by data compiled by the Latvian Quantum Initiative showing that Latvia currently ranks first among European countries in the number of QuantERA project coordinators per GDP.

What national projects and initiatives in quantum technology development exist in Latvia?

Quantum security solutions in Latvia and their benefits for citizens and industry specialists are being strengthened through various national projects and initiatives that help build the necessary infrastructure and develop technologies. One such significant project is LATQN, which aims to practically test how quantum communication can be integrated into existing communication networks and develop methodology for adapting this technology. The results of this project will significantly impact Latvia’s ability to utilize quantum security, ensuring secure communications in the future.

Alongside technological development, it is crucial to develop human capital in the quantum field. Latvia has made investments from the EU Recovery Fund and state budget specifically for quantum technology skill development. Study modules are available in quantum computing and quantum communication technologies. Both students and listeners can apply for these courses. The study modules are provided by the University of Latvia and Riga Technical University, which collaborate within the framework of the Latvian Quantum Initiative.

The Latvian Quantum Memorandum unites Latvia’s scientific, academic, and industry representatives for cooperation in quantum technologies. Its main goals are to promote quantum technology development and international competitiveness, as well as create a testing environment for innovative solutions. The Quantum Memorandum not only strengthens cooperation between scientists, industry, and public administration but also provides a platform for implementing new technologies that will give Latvia advantages in the global quantum technology development race.

Latvia actively participates in international cooperation and, along with 26 other EU member states, has signed the European Declaration on Quantum Technologies. Under the declaration, member states commit to cooperating in creating a world-class quantum technology ecosystem in Europe, emphasizing the strategic importance of quantum technologies for EU scientific and industrial competitiveness.

In Latvia, the research and innovation ecosystem is reflected through the science communication platform researchLatvia created by the Ministry of Education and Science. Along with our quantum leap in excellence, Latvia’s scientific image recognition is being promoted, while strengthening the prestige of Latvian researchers and scientific institutions and building public support for science, as well as promoting cooperation between local and foreign-based scientists of Latvian origin.

Development of quantum technologies in Latvia – The next 10 years

It is important to emphasize cooperation with other European countries, the development of multi-access solutions (how to ensure multiple users in one network with the same security level), and the ability to provide communications over longer distances. It is also important to integrate quantum technologies into existing communication networks and continue improving quantum computers and algorithms. Furthermore, the number of users is expected to grow, especially from the financial and medical sectors. 

Quantum-secure transmission is the key to future data protection in a world where quantum computers are becoming a reality. Latvia’s role in this development is significant, and our scientists’ and researchers’ work can ensure that the country is at the forefront of quantum communications and technology implementation. Quantum technologies can provide not only secure data transmission but also broader applications that will affect many sectors and our daily lives in the future.

If you want to learn more, I recommend attending the 5G Techritory forum, where two days of co-creation events will be dedicated to quantum technologies, including meaningful discussions, presentations, and panel discussions about both the LATQN project and the upcoming QIP 2026 (Quantum Information Processing) conference to be held in Latvia, among other current issues.